In 1963, Black residents of Cambridge, Maryland, organized against segregation and discrimination, bringing state and federal officials into a tense local struggle. The Treaty of Cambridge offered a negotiated path…
In 1938, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Missouri could not deny Lloyd Gaines a law education in the state while offering one to white students. The decision forced Missouri…
In 1974, a federal judge ruled that Boston’s school authorities had intentionally maintained segregated schools and ordered a desegregation plan. The United States court order transformed a long-running local dispute…
The 1966 Chicago Freedom Movement united local organizers and the SCLC to challenge housing discrimination and residential segregation. In the United States, its marches and negotiations exposed the limits of…
Following the 1908 Springfield race riot, Black and white reformers gathered in New York in 1909 and built the organization that became the NAACP. The United States gained a national…
In 1965, Rhode Island enacted a landmark Fair Housing Act to combat systemic racial discrimination in the real estate market. The legislation followed years of intense advocacy and public demonstrations…
In 1886, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Yick Wo v. Hopkins that a San Francisco laundry ordinance was unconstitutionally applied. The decision established that the Fourteenth Amendment protects…
In the mid-1980s, the city of Yonkers, New York, became the center of a federal civil rights battle over housing segregation. U.S. District Judge Leonard Sand ordered the city to…
In 1910, delegates at the New Mexico Constitutional Convention established Ironclad Clauses to protect the civil rights of the state's Hispanic population. These provisions ensured that the right to vote…
